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Reddy, K. Transcriptional repression mediated by repositioning of genes to the nuclear lamina. Rice, J. To fit into this compartment the DNA has to be condensed in some manner. Packing ratio is used to describe the degree to which DNA is condensed. To achieve the overall packing ratio, DNA is not packaged directly into structure of chromatin. Instead, it contains several hierarchies of organization. The first level of packing is achieved by the winding of DNA around the nucleosome, which gives a packing ratio of about 6.
This structure is invariant in both the euchromatin and heterochromatin of all chromosomes. The second level of packing is the wrapping of beads in a 30 nm fiber that is found in both interphase chromatin and mitotic chromosomes. This structure increases the packing ratio to about The final packaging occurs when the fiber is organized in loops, scaffolds and domains that give a final packing ratio of about 1, in interphase chromatin and about 10, in mitotic chromosomes.
Transcription is a process in which the genetic information stored in DNA is read by proteins and then transcribed into RNA, and the RNA will later be translated into functional proteins.
If the chromatin gets strengthened and restricts access to the read proteins, there are no transcription occurs. Euchromatin, an extended type of chromatin, can conduct the process of transcription. While heterochromatin, the condensed type of chromatin, is packed too tightly for DNA to be read by proteins.
Fluctuations between open and closed chromatin may contribute to the discontinuity of transcription, or transcriptional bursting. Other factors may probably be involved, such as the association and dissociation of transcription factor complexes with chromatin.
The phenomenon, as opposed to simple probabilistic models of transcription, can account for the high variability in gene expression occurring between cells in isogenic population.
Due to the high dynamic arrangement of proteins and DNA, chromatin can readily change its shape and structure. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Nuclear DNA does not appear in free linear strands; it is highly condensed and wrapped around nuclear proteins in order to fit inside the nucleus.
Chromatin exists in two forms. One form, called euchromatin, is less condensed and can be transcribed. The second form, called heterochromatin, is highly condensed and is typically not transcribed.
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