Following Arthur's untimely death in , Catherine was betrothed to Henry, Arthur's brother. The dispensation needed for a man to marry his brother's widow was granted by the Catholic Church, but the marriage was delayed due to Henry's young age, as well as clashes between England and Spain about the payment of Catherine's dowry.
Catherine and Henry had a comfortable marriage for years, with the popular Catherine even serving as regent and overseeing a battle with the Scots while Henry was waging war in France. However, though she gave birth to six children—including one surviving daughter, Mary Tudor—Catherine did not produce a male heir for Henry. By , Henry had decided to end his marriage to Catherine so that he could wed a new wife.
Henry asked the Catholic Church to invalidate his marriage because Catherine had been married to his brother. However, Catherine refused to go along with Henry's plan, swearing that her marriage to Arthur had remained unconsummated. Even after being separated from her daughter, the devout Catherine maintained that her marriage to Henry was valid and indissoluble.
Tired of waiting, Henry decided that he did not require the pope's approval. In , Henry—who had already secretly married Anne Boleyn —had Thomas Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury, annul his marriage to Catherine. Parliament then declared that the king, not the pope, was head of the Church of England.
Catherine refused to recognize the legitimacy of Henry's actions and still considered herself to be queen, refusing to send Boleyn her crown jewels when her replacement asked for them.
In the patriarchal society of Tudor England, blame for stillbirths and neonatal deaths was always apportioned to the woman, and some were of the opinion that Henry had made a grave mistake in marrying a wife older than himself.
To his credit, Henry never openly reproached Katherine for his lack of a male heir, although he was now desperate for a son and probably beginning to wonder why God should deny him this one crucial gift.
Fasting in pregnancy, which we know she did for religious reasons, cannot have helped. It has been suggested that she was anorexic, but a lot of evidence, including her gaining weight over the years, is against that. Poor medical care and hygiene could have been responsible, or any number of complications during the births of her children.
Henry suffered no sudden character change for the worst: it was a gradual progression and his increasing immobility was due to an injury. He suffered, not from ulcers, but almost certainly from chronic osteomyelitis [inflammation of bone or bone marrow], which could last for years, with repeated and very painful attacks, and it was probably this that culminated in multi-organ failure from long term sepsis.
Could the problem have been genetic? Henry was one of seven children. Only four lived beyond infancy, which was not unusual in an age of high infant mortality. Katherine of Aragon also came from a family of seven: two of her siblings were stillborn.
Thus there was a history of infant mortality on both sides, which may or may not be significant. Her first child was a daughter, Elizabeth I. Her second died at or near full term, and was almost certainly a son.
Her third and fourth pregnancies ended in miscarriages, the latter of a son. He almost certainly had three illegitimate daughters who grew to adulthood. This, then, was a man who fathered 15 children, eight of whom were probably sons, and seven of whom lived beyond childhood.
To find out more about Alison, visit alisonweir. Sign in. With the advent of infertility treatments, it is known that pregnancies occur and are absorbed regularly. Doctors now assume that there could have been previous undiagnosed pregnancies, which would cause problems with even a first known pregnancy. My family has been affected by Rh disease, and the anti-D injection has been a miracle.
I have always wondered if plain old cervical insufficiency caused Katherine to deliver babies at 37 weeks and before. Mary could have been premature but appeared healthy at birth.
I had actually posted this issue a couple years ago of RH incompatibility on my site as the reason for the deaths of Henry Vlll infants. Basically, the person who described the symptoms is wrong about what they read so their premise is wrong as well. They used a 20 year old article on Kernicterus which is a description of a high bilirubin levels of the blood caused by many dozens of different conditions.
It is a description of a symptom not an article on RH incompatibility. This article took the outcomes from dozens of different conditions which cause high bilirubin levels in the blood and dumped all the outcomes into one bucket which your commenter then quoted. It is like saying all poxes are the same. Taking measles, chicken pox, shingles, smallpox, etc. That is the downside of reading an internet article and not understanding the nuances. Nor are the treatments compatible.
That is like saying, everyone who turns orange has pancreatic cancer. These develop kernicterus in completely different ways and neither is related. The difference with RH compatibility is the infants never live long enough to develop any of those conditions from the Kernicterus bucket.
I pasted 3 links at the bottom with better info. The march of dimes would be the easiest for the general public to understand. Here are the symptoms without treatment before they die: An RH incompatible infant often dies before birth. The first child to that mother usually survives healthy. Rarely any others survive thereafter. If they survive long enough to be born, they develop high bilirubin levels due to the destruction of red blood cells and damage to the liver which causes them to turn yellow.
They can also be born with severe hemolytic anemia. They can suffer brain damage and heart damage from these conditions and Die within a few days to a couple weeks.
Possibly a little longer. They cry a high pitched cry and either sleep too much or not at all. It is conceivable that a child with a lower dose of antigens could survive longer. RH incompatibility was one of the leading causes of infant death before they knew what it was and how to treat it.
I am a survivor of RH incompatibility. My mother who was RH negative lied to the doctors that I was her first child so they were not concerned that my father was RH positive. It is the second and subsequent incompatible child which is attacked by the antibodies developed from the first incompatible child. In my case, my brother was her first child.
They were both RH negative So no antibodies antigen D were created. The antigen D sensitivity increases with each child. It does not matter how long between children. The mother carries these antibodies her entire life. They get stronger with age not weaker.
So the doctors were unprepared for the RH incompatibility. The antibodies began damaging my blood cells and liver.
I turned orange a day or two later. I still have my hospital records plus the siblings who witnessed the event. Thus, near adults when I was born. Mother also had several miscarriages. Only the subsequent RH positive babies were affected since she was RH negative. She had 5 husbands and 3 children. Each child had a different father. She also had at least 4 miscarriages and one abortion that I am aware of. It is also very difficult to see jaundice yellowing of the skin and eyes.
More difficult than you would think. When my husband turned orange from pancreatic cancer, we could not tell if his skin coloring was from incandescent lights or not. It was more difficult to see his orange skin from inside the house than you would think.
It took us a week to realize he was orange. Especially with tinted windows and incandescent lights. The rapidity of organ failure depends on how many antibodies were exchanged during the birth of the second RH incompatible child. The more exchanged, the faster the organ failure. But few people understand it because they have no personal experience to recognize the patterns.
Anne Boleyn was a classic RH incompatible situation. Her first incompatible baby survived because the antibodies developed in the mother during the birth of Elizabeth. All subsequent babies with RH negative died. Her daughter Mary must have been RH positive like her mother to survive because she was compatible with her mother. Both had RH positive blood. Only subsequent RH incompatible infants are affected.
Compatible RH babies are not affected no matter how many die before them. Any subsequent RH negative babies born to Catherine would have continued to die. Her second child Henry was the first incompatible RH negative child. So he was not at risk because he was the first RH negative incompatible child. If Mary had more RH positive children with her husband after Henry, they would not have been affected since they were not incompatible.
The same would have been true for Jane Seymour. Only The first RH incompatible child survives. So Edward, her first survives. If Jane had not died, she would have probably not produced anymore thriving babies since most would have been RH negative and incompatible.
It seems Henrys RH negative was the dominant blood type of his offspring. Even in the case of his mistress, the first child survived with no problem. In my case the doctors demanded to know why my mother lied. Hence 2 more children were miscarried after me due to her continuous lies.
Since the babies blood supply is separate from the mothers, the onset usually occurs during the birth. But in rare cases, some leakage has occurred prior to birth. Perhaps from a fall or brutal spouse or tight corset.
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