Studies on spermagglutinating antibodies in antihuman prostate sera. Hara M. Preparation and immunoelectrophoretic assessment of antisera to human seminal plasma. Nippon Hoigaku Zasshi. The sperm- and seminal plasma-specific antigens of human semen. Fertil Steril. Isolation and characterization of two specific antigens of human seminal plasma. Ablin R. Precipitating antigens of the normal human prostate. Reprod Fertil. Tissue- and species-specific antigens of normal human prostatic tissue.
J Immunol. Immunologic studies of normal, benign, and malignant human prostatic tissue. Sensabaugh G. Isolation and characterization of a semen-specific protein from human seminal plasma: a potential new marker for semen identification.
J Forensic Sci. Seminal plasma protein p Simplified purification and evidence for identity with prostate specific antigen. Wang M. Purification of a human prostate specific antigen. Invest Urol. Papsidero L. A prostate antigen in sera of prostatic cancer patients. Cancer Res. Kuriyama M. Quantitation of prostate-specific antigen in serum by a sensitive enzyme immunoassay.
US patent number Stamey T. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med. Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer. Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6, men.
Carter H. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease.
J Am Med Assoc. Veneziano S. Correlation between prostate-specific antigen and prostate volume, evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography: usefulness in diagnosis of prostate cancer. The doctor may also recommend imaging tests, such as a transrectal ultrasound , x-rays , or cystoscopy. If prostate cancer is suspected, the doctor will recommend a prostate biopsy. During this procedure, multiple samples of prostate tissue are collected by inserting hollow needles into the prostate and then withdrawing them.
Most often, the needles are inserted through the wall of the rectum transrectal biopsy. A pathologist then examines the collected tissue under a microscope. The doctor may use ultrasound to view the prostate during the biopsy, but ultrasound cannot be used alone to diagnose prostate cancer.
Detecting prostate cancer early may not reduce the chance of dying from prostate cancer. When used in screening, the PSA test can help detect small tumors that do not cause symptoms. Overtreatment exposes men unnecessarily to the potential complications and harmful side effects of treatments for early prostate cancer, including surgery and radiation therapy.
The side effects of these treatments include urinary incontinence inability to control urine flow , problems with bowel function , erectile dysfunction loss of erections , or having erections that are inadequate for sexual intercourse , and infection. In addition, finding cancer early may not help a man who has a fast-growing or aggressive tumor that may have spread to other parts of the body before being detected.
The PSA test may give false-positive or false-negative results. A false-positive test result may create anxiety for a man and his family and lead to additional medical procedures, such as a prostate biopsy, that can be harmful.
Possible side effects of biopsies include serious infections, pain, and bleeding. False-negative test results may give a man, his family, and his doctor false assurance that he does not have cancer, when he may in fact have a cancer that requires treatment. Several randomized clinical trials of prostate cancer screening have been carried out.
The PLCO investigators found that men who underwent annual prostate cancer screening had a higher incidence of prostate cancer than men in the control group but the same rate of deaths from the disease 3. Overall, the results suggest that many men were treated for prostate cancers that would not have been detected in their lifetime without screening.
Consequently, these men were exposed unnecessarily to the potential harms of treatment. In contrast to the PLCO, however, men who were screened had a lower rate of death from prostate cancer 4 , 5. A recent paper analyzed data from the PLCO using a complicated statistical model to account for the fact that some men in the PLCO trial who were assigned to the control group had nevertheless undergone PSA screening.
This analysis suggested that the level of benefit in the PLCO and ERSPC trials were similar and that both trials were consistent with some reduction in prostate cancer death in association with prostate cancer screening 6.
Such statistical modeling studies have important limitations and rely on unverified assumptions that can render their findings questionable or more suitable for further study than to serve as a basis for screening guidelines. More importantly, the model could not provide an assessment of the balance of benefits versus harms from screening. The United States Preventive Services Task Force has analyzed the data from all reported prostate cancer screening trials, principally from the PLCO and ERSPC trials, and estimated that, for every 1, men ages 55 to 69 years who are screened every 1 to 4 years for 10 to 15 years 7 :.
The PSA test is often used to monitor patients who have a history of prostate cancer to see if their cancer has recurred come back.
However, a single elevated PSA measurement in a patient who has a history of prostate cancer does not always mean that the cancer has come back. A man who has been treated for prostate cancer should discuss an elevated PSA level with his doctor. The doctor may recommend repeating the PSA test or performing other tests to check for evidence of a recurrence. Scientists are investigating ways to improve the PSA test to give doctors the ability to better distinguish cancerous from benign conditions and slow-growing cancers from fast-growing, potentially lethal cancers.
None has been proven to decrease the risk of death from prostate cancer. Some of the methods being studied include:. Menu Contact Dictionary Search. Understanding Cancer. What Is Cancer? Cancer Statistics. Cancer Disparities.
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In , Flocks was the first to experiment with antigens in the prostate and 10 years later Ablin reported the presence of precipitation antigens in the prostate. In , Hara characterized a unique protein in the semen fluid, gamma-seminoprotein. Li and Beling, in , isolated a protein, E1, from human semen in an attempt to find a novel method to achieve fertility control.
In , Sensabaugh identified semen-specific protein p30, but proved that it was similar to E1 protein, and that prostate was the source.
In , Wang purified a tissue-specific antigen from the prostate 'prostate antigen'.
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